State of the Art in the Use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and IoT Devices for Water Source Monitoring in Urban Environments

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to analyze the use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) and IoT devices in the monitoring of water sources in urban environments, focusing on key applied technologies, advancements, and technological challenges. Methodology: A systematic review of 37 scientific articles indexed in Scopus between 2014 and 2023 was conducted, focusing on the analysis of IoT devices, SCADA systems, sensor networks, drones, and unmanned vehicles, as well as the integration of machine learning algorithms for resource use prediction and optimization. Results: The findings show that most research concentrates on the use of IoT and sensor networks for water quality monitoring and resource management. The implementation of drones and unmanned vehicles has enhanced monitoring capabilities in remote areas. Predictive models based on machine learning have improved the efficiency of detecting water-related events such as floods, in addition to enhancing decision-making regarding resource use. Discussion: Despite advancements in the development of water monitoring technologies, challenges remain in system standardization and real-time data integration, underscoring the need for further development of more robust and scalable technological solutions. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of emerging technologies, such as IoT and sensor networks, in the management and monitoring of water resources, emphasizing their positive impact on the sustainability and efficiency of water systems in urban environments.